Multiple Attached Growth Reactor System

ABSTRACT

Described herein are attached growth reactor systems which increase nitrifying bacteria biomass through a variety of means during warm weather. As a consequence, the attached growth reactor system contains sufficient nitrifying bacteria biomass to remove ammonia from wastewater in cold to moderate climates. In one example, there are two attached growth reactors into which wastewater is distributed discontinuously. Specifically, wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactor for a first period of time and then is transferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period of time during warm weather which effectively doubles the nitrifying bacteria biomass in the system. During cold weather, approximately half of the wastewater is applied to each reactor simultaneously.

PRIOR APPLICATION INFORMATION

The instant application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No.15/966,575, entitled “MULTIPLE ATTACHED GROWTH REACTOR SYSTEM” and filedApr. 30, 2018, which was a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No.15/683,946, entitled “MULTIPLE ATTACHED GROWTH REACTOR SYSTEM” and filedAug. 23, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,000,397, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference, which claimed the benefit of: U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/378,897, filed Aug. 24, 2016,entitled “DUAL SUBMERGED ATTACHED GROWTH REACTOR SYSTEM”, now abandoned;U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/482,493, filed Apr. 6,2017, entitled “DUAL SUBMERGED ATTACHED GROWTH REACTOR SYSTEM”, nowabandoned, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference;and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/535,523, filed Jul.21, 2017, entitled “MULTIPLE ATTACHED GROWTH REACTOR SYSTEM”, nowabandoned, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Compounds such as organic matter and nitrogen contained in wastewaterare capable of being oxidized and transformed by bacteria which usethese compounds as a food source. Typically, heterotrophic bacteriadigest the organic matter while nitrifying bacteria use the non-carboncompounds as a food source, for example, oxidizing ammonia to nitrate (aprocess known as nitrification to those skilled in the art).

In existing systems, for example as described by the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency Manual on Nitrogen Control (USEPA, 1993); WastewaterEngineering, Treatment and Reuse, 4^(th) Edition (Metcalf and Eddy,2003); Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems (Crites andTchobanoglous, 1998); and Design and Retrofit of Wastewater TreatmentPlants for Biological Nutrient Removal (Randall et al., 1992),nitrifying bacteria are much more cold sensitive and as a consequencethe nitrification process virtually ceases when the water temperatureapproaches (e.g., decreases towards) 4 degrees Celsius.

A common form of biological wastewater treatment is the sewage treatmentlagoon and these lagoons typically discharge elevated levels of ammoniaduring winter months in regions in which the water temperatures approach4 degrees Celsius or lower. In view of changing environmentalregulations, it would be highly advantageous to develop biologicaltreatment processes that could remove ammonia at water temperatures ofless than 4 degrees Celsius.

In existing systems for removing pollution from water, a subsurfaceconstructed wetland system may use forced bed aeration and variablewater levels to establish staged anaerobic and aerobic zones within thesystem. While such systems may deliver oxygen to the wastewater viaaeration in a system utilizing attached-growth bacteria for treatment,they cannot provide improved removal of ammonia at water temperaturesapproaching 4 degrees Celsius.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect, there is provided a method of improvingammonia removal from waste water during cold weather including:

in a sewage treatment system including at least two attached growthreactors, each respective attached growth reactor having an inletdistribution point in the attached growth reactor for receiving aninfluent of wastewater,

during a warm weather period, transferring an approximately constantvolume of the wastewater to the at least two attached growth reactors,wherein the volume is transferred such that a first attached growthreactor receives a larger portion of the volume than a second attachedgrowth reactor for a first period of the warm weather period and thesecond attached growth reactor receives a larger portion of the volumethan the first attached growth reactor for a second period of the warmweather period; and

transferring the volume of wastewater to the first attached growthreactor and the second attached growth reactor approximately equallyduring a cold weather period.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a system includesa first reactor, a second reactor, at least one inlet configured totransfer wastewater to the first reactor and the second reactor, and aflow control device. The flow control device is coupled to the at leastone inlet. The flow control device is configured to operate in a firstmode of operation during a first period of time and a second mode ofoperation during a second period of time. In the first mode ofoperation, the flow control device is configured to transfer more thanhalf of the wastewater to the first reactor for a first duration via theat least one inlet, and subsequently transfer more than half of thewastewater to the second reactor for a second duration via the at leastone inlet. In the second mode of operation, the flow control device isconfigured to transfer approximately half of the wastewater to the firstreactor via the at least one inlet and simultaneously transferapproximately half of the wastewater to the second reactor via the atleast one inlet.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for improving ammonia removal from wastewater during a coldweather period including: in a sewage treatment system including atleast a first attached growth reactor and a second attached growthreactor, during a warm weather period, transferring a significantportion of wastewater to the first attached growth reactor for a firstperiod of the warm weather period, then transferring a significantportion of the wastewater to the second attached growth reactor for asecond period of the warm weather period; and during the cold weatherperiod, transferring approximately half of the wastewater to the firstattached growth reactor and approximately half of the wastewater to thesecond attached growth reactor.

According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method of improving ammonia removal from waste water during acold weather period including: in a sewage treatment system including atleast two attached growth reactors, each respective attached growthreactor receiving an influent of wastewater, transferring a volume ofthe wastewater to the two attached growth reactors, wherein the volumeis transferred such that a first attached growth reactor receives alarger portion of the volume than a second attached growth reactor for afirst period of a warm weather period and the second attached growthreactor receives a larger portion of the volume than the first attachedgrowth reactor for a second period of the warm weather period on analternating basis; and transferring the volume of wastewater to thefirst attached growth reactor and the second attached growth reactorapproximately equally between the two attached growth reactors duringthe cold weather period.

According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method of increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass in anattached growth reactor during a warm weather period including: in asewage treatment system including at least two attached growth reactors,each respective attached growth reactor receiving an influent ofwastewater, transferring a volume of the wastewater to the two attachedgrowth reactors, wherein the volume is transferred such that a firstattached growth reactor receives a larger portion of the volume than asecond attached growth reactor for a first period of the warm weatherperiod and the second attached growth reactor receives a larger portionof the volume than the first attached growth reactor for a second periodof the warm weather period on an alternating basis.

According to a still further aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method for improving ammonia removal from wastewater during acold weather period including: in a sewage treatment system including anattached growth reactor separated into at least a first attached growthreactor chamber and a second attached growth reactor chamber, during awarm weather period, transferring a significant portion of wastewater tothe first attached growth reactor chamber for a first period of the warmweather period, then transferring a significant portion of thewastewater to the second attached growth reactor chamber for a secondperiod of the warm weather period; and during the cold weather period,transferring approximately half of the wastewater to the first attachedgrowth reactor chamber and approximately half of the wastewater to thesecond attached growth reactor chamber.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for aeration or oxygenation including: in an attached growthreactor including a plurality of stationary fixed media for supportingbiomass growth, each respective one of said stationary fixed mediaincluding at least one oxygen intake port and a plurality of aeration oroxygen dispersion ports, connecting each respective one of thestationary fixed media to an aeration source via the at least one oxygenintake port; and supplying air or oxygen to a first respective one ofthe stationary fixed media for a first period of time, and thensupplying air or oxygen to a second respective one of the stationaryfixed media for a second period of time.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass in an attachedgrowth reactor including: providing an attached growth reactor systemhaving a first end region and a second end region wherein the first endregion and the second end region are both capable of acting as an inletor an outlet; during a warm weather period, transferring a volume ofwastewater into the attached growth reactor at the first end region andremoving treated wastewater from the reactor at the second end regionfor a first period of the warm weather period, then transferring thevolume of wastewater into the attached growth reactor via the second endregion and removing treated from the reactor at the first end region fora second period of the warm weather period on an alternating basis.

According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided a method for increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass including:in an attached growth reactor including a plurality of stationary fixedmedia for supporting biomass growth, said attached growth reactor havingan inlet region for accepting wastewater and an outlet region, saidwastewater having a direction of flow through the reactor from the inletregion to the outlet region, each respective one of the plurality ofstationary fixed media being positioned within the reactor sequentiallyfrom the inlet region to the outlet region, periodically removing arespective one stationary fixed medium proximal to the inlet region andplacing said respective one stationary fixed medium more distal to theinlet region.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass including: in anattached growth reactor system including at least a first attachedgrowth reactor and a second attached growth reactor, each attachedgrowth reactor including a plurality of moving media for supportingbiomass growth thereon, the first attached growth reactor having aninlet region for accepting wastewater and the second attached growthreactor having an outlet region, said wastewater having a direction offlow through the attached growth reactor system from the inlet region tothe outlet region, periodically removing moving media from the firstattached growth reactor and transferring said moving media to the secondattached growth reactor.

In some embodiments, during the warm weather period, substantially allof the wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactorfor a first period of time and subsequently all of the wastewater istransferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period oftime.

Herein, “a first attached growth reactor” and “a second growth reactor”are used in the singular. However, embodiments wherein there aremultiple attached growth reactors, for example, two or more attachedgrowth reactors, receiving an increased portion of wastewater intake areto be understood as being possible and encompassed in embodiments whenonly a single attached growth reactor is being referenced. For example,“a first attached growth reactor” may refer to more than one, forexample, two, three, four or more attached growth reactors which aregrouped together so as to effectively act as a single attached growthreactor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a sewage treatmentsystem including two submerged attached growth reactors.

FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a sewage treatmentsystem including two separate chambers within one reactor.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing illustrating an embodiment of a sewagetreatment system in which application of wastewater to the reactors isvaried over time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methodsand materials are now described.

As used herein, ‘heterotrophic bacteria’ refers to bacteria capable ofutilizing organic material. It is of note that general of such bacteriaare well known within the art and one of skill in the art willunderstand that this refers to specific bacteria of this type known tobe present in for example treatment lagoons.

As used herein, nitrifying bacteria refers to bacteria capable ofoxidizing ammonia to nitrate. It is of note that such bacteria are wellknown within the art and one of skill in the art will understand thatthis refers to specific bacteria of this type known to be present in forexample treatment lagoons.

As used herein, “winter months” or “cold weather months” or “coldmonths” or “cold weather” refers to months or other durations of time inwhich the water temperature approaches or is less than 4 degreesCelsius, or is less than a threshold temperature corresponding to athreshold rate of bacteria activity (e.g., bacteria growth;nitrification). The water temperature may be temperature of effluentwater leaving the reactor or wastewater (e.g., partially treatedwastewater) in the reactor.

As used herein, “warm weather months” or “warm months” or “warm weather”refers to months or other durations of time in which the watertemperature is typically considerably higher than 4 degrees Celsius(e.g., greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius, greater than orequal to 15 degrees Celsius). The distinction between warm weather andcold weather may correspond to a rate of bacteria growth in the reactor.For example, the rate of bacteria growth can increase as a function oftemperature. At a first temperature (e.g., 4 degrees Celsius; between 2degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius; between 4 degrees Celsius and 7degrees Celsius), the rate of bacteria growth may be less than athreshold rate sufficient to sustain the treatment processes desired forthe reactors. At a second temperature (e.g., greater than or equal to 10degrees Celsius), the rate of bacteria growth may be greater than orequal to the threshold rate.

Described herein is an attached growth reactor system which providesnitrification (ammonia removal) from wastewater in cold to moderateclimates, specifically, during cold weather or cold weather months.

In some embodiments, the attached growth reactor is a submerged attachedgrowth reactor (SAGR), a moving media attached growth reactor (MMAGR) ora stationary media attached growth reactor (SMAGR). One example of anMMAGR is a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), as discussed below. Oneexample of a SMAGR is a stationary fixed film media attached growthreactor, as discussed below. However, as will be appreciated by one ofskill in the art, any suitable growth reactor which receives an influentthat undergoes bacterial nitrification during cold weather months can beused in combination with the present disclosure.

It is of note that there are many possible arrangements that will resultin a reactor having a functionality similar to a SAGR or MBBR which willbe readily apparent to one of skill in the art.

In some embodiments, the SAGR includes a media bed for example, a gravelor rock (or other similar material) bed with one or more horizontalchambers throughout. The chamber system is used to distribute thewastewater flow across the width of the cell, and a horizontalcollection chamber at the outlet of the system is used to collecttreated water. This distribution is desired to ensure horizontal flowthroughout the gravel media and optimize hydraulic efficiency, althoughalternate (vertical) flow paths could achieve similar treatment results,and are contemplated by this invention. Linear aeration proximate to thebottom of the SAGR provides aerobic conditions that are required fornitrification. In some embodiments, the gravel bed may be covered with alayer of an insulating material, for example, peat or wood chips.

Two examples of submerged attached growth reactor systems are shown inFIGS. 1 and 2.

It is important to note that while these figures illustrate twoembodiments of SAGR treatment systems, various features of theseembodiments, including but not limited to distributing wastewater flowunequally between two or more reactors over time, may be applied toother attached growth reactor systems.

As compared to existing systems, systems and methods in accordance withembodiments of the present disclosure can increase nitrifying bacteriabiomass within the attached growth reactor system so that there isincreased nitrifying bacteria biomass to nitrify wastewater during acold weather period of time (e.g., a cold weather period of timefollowing a warm weather period of time in which wastewater istransferred unequally to reactors or reactor cells of the attachedgrowth reactor system).

Referring now to FIG. 1, a sewage treatment system including a firstreactor 1 (e.g., attached growth reactor) and a second reactor 2 (e.g.,attached growth reactor) is shown according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure. Each reactor 1,2 is defined by a base 30 and aplurality of walls 32, for example, three or four or more vertical orsloped walls. The walls 32 and the base 30 of each reactor 1, 2 arelined with a semi-impermeable or impermeable liner 34. The top of eachreactor 1, 2 is defined by the level of wastewater (e.g., partiallytreated wastewater) with the respective reactor 1, 2. The top is coveredwith an insulation layer 20 that is on the upper surface of thewastewater in the reactor 1, 2. The insulation layer 20 may be of anysuitable material as discussed herein and as known in the art, forexample, wood chips, mulch, peat, shredded tires or the like. Anysuitable material can act as insulation.

In some embodiments, the base 30 of each reactor 1, 2 includes anaeration system 40, media bed 50 and effluent collector 60. In someembodiments, the aeration system 40 includes a plurality of aerationdiffusers 42 connected to an air or oxygen supply and spaced along thebase 30 of the reactors 1, 2. In some embodiments, the aeration systemis arranged such that the main aeration headers are accessible at theupper surface of the wastewater. In some embodiments, the aeration linesrun perpendicular to the direction of wastewater flow through thereactor 1, 2 although in other embodiments the aeration lines runparallel to the direction of wastewater flow. In some embodiments, theaeration system 40 includes acid cleaning means for cleaning of thediffusers in situ.

As shown in FIG. 1, the media bed 50 can be placed over the aerationsystem 40 and may be any suitable material that will have pore spacesfor air or oxygen generated by the aeration diffusers 42 at the base 30of the of the reactor 1, 2 to pass through the material bed 50 so as toaerate the wastewater within the reactor 1, 2. As discussed herein, themedia bed 50 may be composed of any suitable material, for example, anymaterial that passes through a 1.5 inch screen such as suitably sizedrocks or gravel, although other suitable materials will be readilyapparent to one of skill in the art.

The effluent collector 60 is proximal to the base 30 in each reactor 1,2. Treated wastewater is removed from the reactors 1, 2 via the effluentcollector 60.

The reactors 1, 2 also include one or more inlets 70 for transferring ofwastewater into the reactor system for treatment. In some embodiments,as shown in FIG. 1, the inlets 70 comprise stacked chambers forwastewater (e.g., influent wastewater) flow distribution. The inlets 70may include flow distribution piping using orifices for flow control.

In some embodiments, the reactors 1, 2 are configured to receivewastewater based on operation of a flow control device 10 (e.g., a flowsplitter device, a manifold, valve(s)). The flow control device 10 canbe configured to receive wastewater and transfer the wastewater to oneor both of the reactors 1, 2. The flow control device 10 can beconfigured to control a flow rate of wastewater being transferred to oneor both of the reactors 1, 2. The flow control device 10 can beconfigured to receive the wastewater from a wastewater reservoir. Insome embodiments, the flow control device 10 includes a flow splitterweir configured to split the wastewater to one or both of the reactors1, 2. In some embodiments, the flow control device 10 includes one ormore standpipes configured to split the wastewater to one or both of thereactors 1, 2. In some embodiments, the flow control device 10 isconfigured to split the wastewater to one or both of the reactors 1, 2based on at least one of back-pressure or gravity. In some the flowcontrol device includes one or more actively controlled valvesconfigured to split the wastewater to one or both of the reactors 1, 2.In some embodiments, the flow control device 10 includes or is coupledto one or more effluent collectors 60, such as to control the rate ofwastewater flow through one or both reactors 1, 2 by opening or closingvalves of effluent collector(s) 60.

In some embodiments, such as can be seen from FIG. 1, each reactor 1, 2is physically separate from the other and the flow control device 10controls distribution to each reactor 1, 2. That is, flow control device10 can control what percentage of the volume of incoming wastewater eachreactor 1, 2 receives for treatment.

In some embodiments, the flow control device 10 is configured to operatein a plurality of modes. The flow control device 10 can operate in modescorresponding to a temperature of the wastewater to be transferred tothe reactors 1, 2. For example, in a first mode of operation, the flowcontrol device 10 can be configured to transfer more than half of thewastewater to the first reactor 1 for a first period of time (e.g., viainlet 70 coupled to the first reactor 1), and subsequently transfer morethan half of the wastewater to the second reactor 2 for a second periodof time (e.g., via inlet 70 coupled to the second reactor 2). The flowcontrol device 10 can be configured to operate in the first mode ofoperation during a warm weather period of time. For example, the flowcontrol device 10 can be configured to operate in the first mode ofoperation while a temperature of the wastewater is greater than athreshold temperature. The threshold temperature may be greater than 0.5degrees Celsius and less than 10° Celsius. The threshold temperature maybe greater than 2 degrees Celsius and less than 7 degrees Celsius. Thethreshold temperature may be 4 degrees Celsius. In a second mode ofoperation, the flow control device 10 can be configured to transferapproximately half (e.g., greater than or equal to 45 percent and lessthan or equal to 55 percent; greater than or equal to 48 percent andless than or equal to 52 percent) of the wastewater to the first reactor1 and simultaneously transfer approximately half of the wastewater(e.g., transfer the remainder of the wastewater) to the second reactor2. The flow control device 10 can be configured to operate in the secondmode of operation while the temperature of the wastewater is less thanor equal to the threshold temperature.

Referring now FIG. 2, a system including a single reactor 101 is shownaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The reactor 101can incorporate features of the reactors 1, 2 described with referenceto FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the reactor 101 includes a base 130 andthree or more vertical walls 132 lined with a semi-permeable orimpermeable liner 134. The top of the reactor 101 is defined by thelevel of wastewater in the reactor 101 and is covered by an insulatinglayer 120 as discussed above.

Furthermore, the reactor 101 is separated into two separate chambers, afirst chamber 101A and a second chamber 101B. The first chamber 101A andthe second chamber 101B are separated for example by an internal divideror by a hydraulic gradient.

The reactor 101 can include inlets 160 configured to transfer wastewaterflow to the first chamber 101A and/or the second chamber 101B. As shownin FIG. 2, inlets 160 are arranged approximately in the midpoint alongthe length of the reactor 101 and are arranged such that incomingwastewater flow can be directed to either the first chamber 101A or thesecond chamber 101B or both the first chamber 101A and the secondchamber 101B simultaneously, as discussed herein.

In some embodiments, the base 130 of the reactor 101 includes anaeration system 140, media bed 150 and effluent collectors 170A and170B, as discussed below. In this embodiment, the aeration system 140comprises a plurality of aeration diffusers 142 connected to an air oroxygen supply and spaced along the base 130 of the reactor 101. In someembodiments, the aeration system is arranged such that the main aerationheaders are accessible at the upper surface of the wastewater. In someembodiments, the aeration lines run perpendicular to the direction ofwastewater flow through the reactor 101 although in other embodimentsthe aeration lines run parallel to the direction of wastewater flow. Insome embodiments, the aeration system 140 includes acid cleaning meansfor cleaning of the diffusers in situ.

In some embodiments, such as shown in FIG. 2, the media bed 150 isplaced over the aeration system 140 and may be any suitable materialthat will have pore spaces for air or oxygen generated by the diffusers142 at the base 130 of the of the reactor 101 to pass through thematerial bed 150 so as to aerate the wastewater within the reactor 101.As discussed herein, the media bed 150 may be composed of any suitablematerial, for example, any material that passes through a 1.5 inchscreen such as suitably sized rocks or gravel, although other suitablematerials will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.

As can be seen in FIG. 2, the first chamber 101A has an effluentcollector 160A and the second chamber 101B has an effluent collector160B respectively for the removal of treated wastewater as discussedherein.

As can be seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the overall direction of wastewaterflow is shown with a large arrow. Specifically, in both drawings,wastewater flows away from or downstream from the inlet 70 or 170 to theeffluent collector 60 or 160A or 160B. Smaller arrows show specificpaths that may be taken by portions of the wastewater while curly arrowsshow the movement of air or oxygen through the media bed.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the term “aeration”is used by those of skill in the art and is understood to encompasssupplying oxygen to a system in any suitable quantity, for example, asair or as pure oxygen as well as in other suitable forms.

In a SAGR, the media is typically rock although other suitable types ofmedia may be used. The media is stationary and flow is typically passedthrough the media in a plug flow configuration. While typically theinfluent point and the effluent point are at opposite ends of thesystem, in actuality, the influent point and the effluent point mustonly be a minimum suitable distance between each other.

As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, biomass quantity andtype (nitrifying bacteria vs heterotrophic bacteria) may not beuniformly distributed across the media. The SAGR is typically dividedinto two or more zones, which can be defined by either a physical “wall”or barrier or by use of one or more hydraulic gradients to promote flowinto a certain zone or by limiting dissolved oxygen in a certain zone topromote nitrification in a different part of the system that hasdissolved oxygen.

As noted above, one example of an MMAGR is an MBBR. In an MBBR, themedia is generally of similar density to water, typically plastic orother synthetic materials that are suitable for attached bacterialgrowth, and is in suspension. Mixing using aeration or mechanical mixerskeeps the media circulating throughout the reactor and the entirereactor functions as a completely mixed reactor. Because the watervolume/media/biomass volume is homogenous in the reactor, location ofthe influent and effluent points is not critical. That is, the influentand effluent points can either be separated by distance or can be closetogether. Typically, biomass will be dispersed across all media in thereactor. Generally, rock is not used in an MBBR because it is too heavyand cannot be kept in suspension by mixing.

As discussed above, one example of an SMAGR is a stationary fixed filmmedia attached growth reactor. This stationary film does not requireenergy for suspension. Some examples of stationary fixed film mediainclude but are by no means limited to GE Membrane Aerated Bioreactor(MABR), Entex Webitat fixed film media, and Lemna Polishing Reactor(LPR). While it is not necessary for the media to remain in suspension,full mixing within the reactor is possible. In this case, because of themixing, influent and effluent locations can vary considerably and,similar to an MBBR, there is no minimum distance requirement. As is thecase with the MBBR, physical barriers may be required to have distincthydraulic zones within the system, as discussed above, although ahydraulic gradient could be used instead, provided the mixing of thesuspension is at a suitable level for the hydraulic gradient tofunction.

As discussed herein, these stationary films that act as bacterial growthsupports may be arranged to be connected to an aeration or oxygenationsource so that air and/or oxygen can be supplied to the biomass.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, in these embodiments,each respective stationary film may include one or more oxygen intakeports for receiving oxygen, either as air or as pure oxygen or somemixture thereof. Furthermore, each respective one of the stationaryfilms may include a plurality of outlet ports for dispersing oxygenthrough the stationary films and into the interior of the attachedgrowth reactor.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, each stationary fixedmedia supports bacterial biomass growth thereon and as such eachstationary fixed medium can be considered to represent a different zonewithin a given reactor. Furthermore, by aerating at a respective one orrespective group of the fixed stationary media for a first period oftime and then aerating at a different respective one or respective groupof the fixed stationary media for a second period of time on analternating basis increases the biomass of nitrifying bacteria withinthe reactor system, as discussed herein.

As such, the zone(s) that are being aerated changes over time. The endresult is that each of the aerated zones grows more nitrifying bacteriabiomass during the period of time exposure to oxygen and/or air.However, if aeration at all stationary fixed media was constant orcontinuous, only the zones closest to the inlet would encountersufficient nitrogen to support growth of nitrifying bacteria biomass.

Accordingly, in one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for aeration or oxygenation including:

in an attached growth reactor including a plurality of stationary fixedmedia for supporting biomass growth, each respective one of saidstationary fixed media including at least one oxygen intake port and aplurality of oxygen dispersion ports,

connecting each respective one of the stationary fixed media to anaeration source via the at least one oxygen intake port; and

supplying air or oxygen to a first respective one of the stationaryfixed media for a first period of time, and then supplying air or oxygento a second respective one of the stationary fixed media for a secondperiod of time.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the supply of air oroxygen to the first respective one of the stationary fixed media ceaseswhen air or oxygen is being supplied to the second respective one of thestationary fixed media. However, it is important to note that as usedherein “a first respective one of the stationary fixed media for a firstperiod of time, and then supplying air or oxygen to a second respectiveone of the stationary fixed media for a second period of time” does notexclude both or neither of the first respective one and the secondrespective one receiving air or oxygen at the same time.

Furthermore, “a first respective one” may refer to a single stationaryfixed medium or may refer to a group of stationary fixed media.

Furthermore, it is noted that in embodiments wherein there are more thantwo stationary fixed medium, one respective stationary fixed media maybe receiving oxygen or air at any given time while two or morerespective stationary fixed media are not receiving air or oxygen.

The first period of time and the second period of time may be selectedfrom the group consisting of: a few hours; a day; a few days; a week; afew weeks; a month; and a few months.

In some embodiments, each respective one of the stationary fixed mediamay be connected to the aeration or oxygenation source such thataeration to specific stationary fixed medium can be controlled eitherindividually or in groups. As will be apparent to one of skill in theart, as a result of this arrangement, the aeration at individualstationary fixed medium members can be controlled and regulated. This inturn means that specific nitrification stationary fixed media zones canbe created by controlling oxygenation to these sites.

As discussed herein, this represents one method for increasingnitrifying bacteria biomass to a greater extent than would be presentunder normal circumstances.

In some embodiments, the air may be heated, particularly in cold weathermonths. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, injection ofheated air proximal to the nitrifying bacteria biomass will create oneor more zones of localized heat within the reactor which will in turnincrease the efficiency of the nitrifying bacteria as discussed herein.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the temperature towhich the air or oxygen is heated will depend on several factors forexample but by no means limited to the temperature of the wastewater inthe reactor and the amount of air or oxygen being injected. For example,the air or oxygen may be heated to a greater extent if the wastewatertemperature is close to 4 degrees Celsius and/or is a relatively smallamount of air or oxygen is being injected. However, it is held thatoptimization of these parameters represents routine experimentation forone of skill in the art.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a methodfor increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass including:

in an attached growth reactor system including a plurality of stationaryfixed media for supporting biomass growth, said attached growth reactorsystem having an inlet region for accepting wastewater and an outletregion, said wastewater having a direction of flow through the reactorfrom the inlet region to the outlet region, each respective one of theplurality of stationary fixed media being positioned within the reactorsequentially from the inlet region to the outlet region,

periodically removing a respective one stationary fixed medium from aposition in sequence that is more proximal to the inlet region andplacing said respective one stationary fixed medium in a position insequence that is more distal to the inlet region.

The attached growth reactor system may be a single attached growthreactor or may be two or more attached growth reactors.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a methodfor increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass including:

in an attached growth reactor system including at least a first attachedgrowth reactor and a second attached growth reactor, each attachedgrowth reactor including a plurality of moving media for supportingbiomass growth thereon, the first attached growth reactor having aninlet region for accepting wastewater and the second attached growthreactor having an outlet region, said wastewater having a direction offlow through the attached growth reactor system from the inlet region tothe outlet region,

periodically removing moving media from the first attached growthreactor and transferring said moving media to the second attached growthreactor.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, moving media from thesecond reactor may be transferred to the first reactor or moving mediamay be added to the first attached growth reactor.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, during processing ofthe wastewater in an attached growth reactor including stationary fixedmedia, the biomass that feeds on the wastewater grows on the attachedmedia. In the warm weather months, when nitrifying bacteria are mostactive, the fixed media closest to the inlet will have the greatestbiomass. Periodically removing one of the fixed media closest to theinlet region of the attached growth reactor and moving it to a positionmore distal to the inlet region accomplishes two things: the now moredistal fixed medium already has nitrifying bacteria biomass growingthereon which will now become established further downstream of theinlet region and the fixed media that are now more proximal to the inletregion will grow nitrifying bacteria thereon as a result of exposure tomore nitrogen as a result of being closer to the inlet.

Similarly, the moving media in the first reactor will comprisenitrifying bacteria biomass. Transferring this moving media to thesecond reactor transfers the nitrifying bacteria biomass to the secondreactor. Replacing the moving media in the first reactor provides newsurface area on which nitrifying bacteria biomass can be established.Thus, by removing the moving media from the first reactor at least once,the nitrifying bacteria biomass in the entire reactor system can beincreased.

As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, moving one of the fixedmedia downstream within the flow of the wastewater increases thenitrifying bacteria biomass. As such, the process can be repeatedmultiple times during the warm weather months, thereby significantlyincreasing the nitrifying bacteria biomass within the attached growthreactor compared to an attached growth reactor in which the stationaryfixed media are not moved.

The respective one of the stationary fixed media may be moved after anysuitable time period that is sufficient for the nitrifying bacteriabiomass to grow to a sufficient extent, for example, after a few days;after a week; after a few weeks; after a month; and after a few months.

As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, other reactor systemshaving a similar functionality to the SAGR or MBBR system can beconsidered to be the same as and/or functionally equivalent to the SAGRor MBBR system as used herein.

In some existing systems, a population of nitrifying bacteria iscreated/maintained downstream of the inlet point in warm weather monthsso that there are at least two populations of nitrifying bacteria withinthe reactor during cold weather months.

In some such systems, while the volume of wastewater entering thereactor remains constant, the location at which the wastewater is addedto the reactor changes.

As used herein, “constant volume” or “consistent volume” does notnecessarily mean “identical”. The variation in levels of wastewaterentering treatment systems over time are well understood by thoseknowledgeable in the art in general as well as specifically forindividual treatment systems. Rather, as used herein, “constant volume”or “consistent volume” in regards incoming wastewater to be treated inthe attached growth reactor system takes into account these expectedvariations and refers to “all” of the wastewater being applied to theattached growth reactor system at a given time.

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the influent may betransferred disproportionally to the members of the attached growthreactor system. That is, at any given point in time, one attached growthreactor or chamber within an attached growth reactor may receive asignificant amount of the incoming volume of the influent. Inembodiments wherein there are two attached growth reactors within theattached growth reactor system, the first reactor may receive greaterthan 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, greaterthan 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, substantially all or allof the influent while the second attached growth reactor receives lessthan 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 15%,less than 10%, less than 5%, substantially none or none of the influentfor a first period of time. Subsequently, this is reversed, so that thesecond attached growth reactor receives a greater portion of theincoming wastewater volume for a second period of time. This process ofalternating which attached growth reactor(s) receives more of theincoming wastewater volume is repeated throughout the warm weathermonths, as discussed herein.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a reactor 200 is shown according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The reactor 200 can incorporatefeatures of the reactors 1, 2, and/or 100, and can implement thedisproportionate wastewater flow functions described herein. In someembodiments, the reactor 200 includes a first reactor 200A and a secondreactor 200B. In a first mode of operation, such as shown in panel A ofFIG. 3, for a first period of time, 100% of the constant volume of thewastewater is delivered or applied or transferred to the first reactor200A and 0% of the constant volume is transferred to the second reactor200B. After the first period of time has expired, 0% of the wastewateris transferred to reactor 200A while 100% is transferred to reactor 200Bfor a second period of time, as shown in panel B of FIG. 3. In someembodiments, following expiration of the second period of time, theprocess is repeated, that is, 100% of the wastewater is transferred toreactor 200A for a first period of time and then 100% of the wastewateris transferred to the second reactor 200B for a second period of time.This process may be repeated, that is, alternated, during warm weather.During cold weather, the wastewater is distributed approximately equallybetween the first reactor 200A and the second reactor 200B, as shown inpanel C of FIG. 3. It is important to note that not only do therespective first period(s) of time and the second period(s) of time nothave to be identical, the “first” first period of time and the “second”first period of time do not have to be identical either.

As such, these embodiments of the present disclosure enable the volumeof wastewater entering the reactor system to remain constant orconsistent over time, while the volume of wastewater transferred to eachreactor within the reactor system varies over time.

For attached growth reactor systems including more than 2 attachedgrowth reactors, for example, “n” attached growth reactors wherein “n”is an integer of greater than 2, for example, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ormore, a greater portion of the incoming wastewater volume is transferredto a respective one or more of the n attached growth reactors for aperiod of time while the volume transferred to the remaining attachedgrowth reactors is reduced accordingly. The respective one of theattached growth reactors receiving the additional volume of wastewater,for example, 120% of “normal” volume, wherein the normal volume is theamount that that specific attached growth reactor would receive is theincoming volume was divided equally amongst all of the attached growthreactors.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the unequaldistribution of the incoming wastewater volume increases the biomass ina given attached growth reactor. While not wishing to be bound to aspecific theory or hypothesis, additional biomass growth in each reactoris expected to be approximately proportional to the additional flow thateach reactor receives.

For example:

If B is the quantity of biomass, expressed as a % of the biomassnormally occurring in the reactor;

N is the total number of reactors; and

R is the number of reactors receiving loading during the bypass of theremaining reactors, the total biomass is expected to be estimated by thefollowing relationship:

B=100%×N/R.

For example, 10 total reactors, with 4 reactors being bypassed and 6receiving wastewater would result in 100%×10/6=166% of the biomass ineach cell or chamber compared to a situation in which all reactorsremaining in service.

For a two reactor system, bypassing one cell would result in100%×2/1=200% of the biomass compared to both reactors remaining inservice continuously, that is, both reactors receiving the same amountof wastewater.

Once the period of time that this “respective one” attached growthreactor receives the increased volume has expired, a “respective secondone” attached growth reactor in the attached growth reactor systemreceives the increased volume and the previous “respective first one”attached growth reactor receives a lower volume as do the remainingattached growth reactor members of the attached growth reactor systemfor a second period of time. This process of alternating which reactorreceives more influent or volume or intakes more wastewater may berepeated over time, as discussed herein.

As a result, the biomass in the respective second one attached growthreactor begins to increase due to the increase in applied wastewater atthe start of the second period of time. However, the nitrifying bacteriabiomass in the respective first one attached growth reactor does notchange significantly during the second period of time despite thereduction in applied wastewater, although it is hypothesized that theamount of heterotrophic bacteria in the respective first one attachedgrowth reactor decreases as a result of the decreased volume ofwastewater being transferred during the second period of time.

As such, by changing or alternating which attached growth reactorreceives the increased volume of incoming wastewater during the warmweather months, the biomass of nitrifying bacteria in each respectiveattached growth reactor is increased, as discussed herein. Other methodsof increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass are disclosed herein and arewithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Thus, as discussed herein, during the warm weather periods of time(e.g., warm weather months), wastewater is distributed unequally betweenthe two or more attached growth reactors or chambers within a singleattached growth reactor on an alternating basis for the establishment ofnitrifying bacteria biomass within the attached growth reactors.However, by temporarily distributing more wastewater to one reactor fora period of time and then alternating which reactor receives morewastewater, for example, substantially all or all of the incomingvolume, the nitrifying bacteria biomass in each reactor is increasedcompared to applying a constant volume of wastewater to each reactor, asdiscussed herein.

For example, in an attached growth reactor system including two attachedgrowth reactors wherein during warm weather months, all (orsubstantially all) of the incoming wastewater volume is transferred toone attached growth reactor for a period of time, then all istransferred to the other attached growth reactor for a period of time.This alternating between which attached growth reactor receives asignificant portion for example all of the wastewater may be repeated asoften as necessary during the warm weather months based on the length ofthe period of time selected. As a result of this arrangement, the amountof nitrifying bacteria biomass present in each attached growth reactorwill be approximately 200% of what it would have been had each attachedgrowth reactor been transferred a “normal” volume of incomingwastewater, that is, approximately half of the incoming wastewatervolume continuously or constantly during the warm weather periods oftime. The nitrifying bacteria are able to treat the incoming wastewaterduring the cold weather months despite the fact that cold weatherreduces the efficiency of the nitrifying bacteria because of theincreased biomass. Furthermore, for example, the first period of timeand the second period of time may be identical but do not necessarilyneed to be identical or even similar. Furthermore, when alternatingbetween reactors, the “first” first period of time and the “second”first period of time do not necessarily need to be the same every time.That is, initially the first period of time may be for example 1 month,then 2 weeks, then 6 weeks.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, an attached growthreactor system including two attached growth reactors, each one gettingall or nothing of the incoming wastewater volume on an alternating basisduring the warm weather months and half of the incoming wastewatervolume during the cold weather months represents the simplest situationand is accordingly used herein for illustrative purposes.

In other embodiments, encompassed within the scope of the presentdisclosure, it may be that incoming volume is split 80/20 on analternating basis between two attached growth reactors. This wouldresult in an increase in biomass of 180% in each reactor.

In some embodiments, the volume transferred to each attached growthreactor during the cold weather months may be approximately proportionalto the percentage of the total biomass present in each attached growthreactor of the attached growth reactor. That is, if the increased volumethat is applied to each individual attached growth reactor is different,the amount of biomass in each reactor will also be different. As such,the volume transferred during the cold weather months may be adjustedaccordingly for optimum functioning of the reactor system, although itis important to note that the reactor system will still be effectiveeven if this is not done.

As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, the wastewater may bedistributed to the attached growth reactors by a variety of means, asdiscussed herein. In some embodiments, wherein the attached growthreactor system comprises one attached growth reactor divided into twochambers, the chambers may be fed from the center out to the edges sothat the inlets for each chamber are on either side of the central orcommon or shared distribution point. However, for simplicity, these twochambers will be referred to as a first attached growth reactor and asecond attached growth reactor herein.

As will be apparent, there are those in the art who would considermultiple attached growth reactors to be functionally equivalent to oneattached growth reactor having a volume equal to the combined volumes ofthe multiple attached growth reactors. These individuals would alsoconclude that one chamber of an attached growth reactor includingmultiple chambers or an attached growth reactor system including two ormore attached growth reactors could be arbitrarily designated as being“upstream” within the attached growth reactor system while the other(s)are “downstream” within the attached growth reactor system.

For example, when the attached growth reactor is a SAGR, the SAGR systemis arranged such that either all of the wastewater can be distributed toeither SAGR or portions of the influent can be distributed to each SAGRsimultaneously. As will be apparent by one of skill in the art, this canbe accomplished by a number of means, either by having two separateinfluent wastewater distribution systems for each SAGR or wherein thetwo SAGRs are effectively separate chambers of one SAGR with a centralinfluent distribution point, distribution could be controlled byeffluent valves in either SAGR so that influent enters the SAGR chamberwith the lowest hydraulic gradient.

Alternatively, in embodiments wherein the attached growth reactor is anMMAGR or a SMAGR arranged in an attached growth reactor system whereinthere are two or more physically separate attached growth reactors, forexample, two or more MBBRs or fixed film reactors or a single MBBR orfixed film attached growth reactor separated into two or more chambersoperated in parallel, split feed can be used to create larger nitrifyingcolonies in different reactors. Specifically, the biomass of nitrifyingbacteria in the second reactor can be increased by fully or partiallybypassing the first reactor for a period of time, as discussed herein.In some embodiments, as discussed herein, which reactor is bypassed isalternated after a period of time.

Other methods such as reducing aeration in the first reactor to generatenitrifying bacteria in the second reactor, which would be fully aerated,would have the same effect as bypassing the first reactor entirely asall ammonia will pass through the unaerated zone with minimal reduction.

Thus, two or more MMAGR or SMAGR reactors can be operated in parallel.By alternately feeding the parallel reactors for a period of time,additional biomass is grown in each, allowing the system to nitrifywastewater in the cold weather periods of time by again splitting theflow approximately equally between the parallel cells. That is, asdiscussed above, with N attached growth reactors, whether SAGR or MBBRor SMAGR reactors, in an attached growth reactor system connected inparallel, transferring n×y % of the “normal” incoming wastewater volumeto each one of the attached growth reactors for a period of time where“normal” would be the amount of volume transferred if all members of thesystem received a proportionate amount and y is greater than 100, thebiomass in each respective attached growth reactor will be increased byy %.

In an alternative embodiment, there is provided an attached growthreactor system that has a first end region and a second end region, eachend region having an access port. As will be appreciated by one of skillin the art, as a result of this arrangement, the flow can effectively bereversed in the attached growth reactor periodically. As a result ofthis arrangement, two populations of nitrifying bacteria can be formed,each proximal to one end region of the attached growth reactor system.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided amethod for increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass in an attached growthreactor including:

providing an attached growth reactor system having a first end regionand a second end region wherein the first end region and the second endregion are both capable of acting as an inlet or an outlet;

during a warm weather period of time, transferring a volume ofwastewater into the attached growth reactor system at the first endregion and removing treated wastewater from the attached growth reactorsystem at the second end region for a first period of the warm weatherperiod,

then transferring the volume of wastewater into the attached growthreactor system via the second end region and removing treated wastewaterfrom the attached growth reactor system at the first end region for asecond period of the warm weather period on an alternating basis.

As will be apparent to one of skill in the art, the nitrifying bacteriabiomass present in the attached growth reactor has been effectivelydoubled as a result of alternating the direction of flow through thereactor.

The direction of flow can be changed after any suitable period, forexample, after a period of time selected from the group consisting of: afew hours; a day; a few days; a week; a few weeks; a month; and a fewmonths.

The attached growth reactor system may be a single attached growthreactor wherein either end of the single reactor can act as inlet oroutlet, or the attached growth reactor system may be at least twoattached growth reactors, wherein a first attached growth reactor is thefirst end of the system and the second attached growth reactor is thesecond end of the system.

In the embodiments discussed herein, in warm weather periods of time, asignificant portion or substantially all of the influent is transferredto the first attached growth reactor, for example, a SAGR, an MMAGR or aSMAGR, for a period of time to increase the biomass, for example, thenitrifying bacteria biomass, in the specific attached growth reactor.Following this period of time, which must be long enough for thenitrifying bacteria biomass to increase and may be for example half anhour, an hour, a few hours, half a day, a day, a few days, a week, a fewweeks, a month or even a few months, a significant portion orsubstantially all of the wastewater is transferred to the secondattached growth reactor so as to support bacterial growth and maintainthe bacteria population within the second attached growth reactor.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, wastewater volumesapplied to the attached growth reactor system stay approximatelyconstant throughout the year. However, the ability of the bacteriapopulation to break down the influent as discussed herein is reducedduring the cold weather months.

Consequently, in the cold weather periods of time, when watertemperature may decrease towards or be lower than 4 degrees Celsius, theincoming wastewater is divided such that a portion thereof, for example,approximately half, is transferred to the first attached growth reactorand the remainder is transferred to the second attached growth reactor.

That is, during the warm weather periods of time, which reactor receivesan increased proportion or substantially all of the incoming volume isalternated so that the nitrifying bacteria biomass in each reactor isproportionally increased; however, during the cold weather months, eachreactor receives an approximately constant proportion of the incomingvolume which is effectively nitrified by the increased nitrifyingbacteria biomass in each reactor.

Alternatively, as discussed herein, the division of the incoming volumeor incoming flow or flow may be based on the relative amount of biomassin each attached growth reactor in the attached growth reactor system,calculated or estimated or approximated as discussed herein.

Specifically, by distributing the wastewater unequally to two (or more)attached growth reactors throughout the warm weather months, andalternating which attached growth reactor received more (or all) of theincoming volume over time, the biomass for example the biomass ofnitrifying bacteria in each reactor is increased proportionally to theincrease in flow. Consequently, in the cold weather months, when theefficiency of bacterial degradation of the influent is decreased, thereis increased biomass of nitrifying bacteria to treat the influent.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method of improving ammonia removal from waste water during coldweather months including:

in a sewage treatment system including at least two attached growthreactors, each respective attached growth reactor having an inletdistribution point in the attached growth reactor for receiving aninfluent of wastewater,

transferring an approximately constant volume of the wastewater to thetwo attached growth reactors, wherein the volume is transferred suchthat a first attached growth reactor receives a larger portion of thevolume than a second attached growth reactor for a first period of timeand the second attached growth reactor receives a larger portion of thevolume than the first attached growth reactor for a second period oftime during a warm weather period; and

transferring the volume of wastewater to the first attached growthreactor and the second attached growth reactor approximately equallyduring a cold weather period.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method of increasing nitrifying bacteria biomass in an attached growthreactor system during a warm weather period including:

in a sewage treatment system including at least two attached growthreactors, each respective attached growth reactor receiving an influentof wastewater,

transferring a volume of the wastewater to the two attached growthreactors, wherein the volume is transferred such that a first attachedgrowth reactor receives a larger portion of the volume than a secondattached growth reactor for a first period of time of the warm weatherperiod and the second attached growth reactor receives a larger portionof the volume than the first attached growth reactor for a second periodof time of the warm weather period on an alternating basis.

As discussed herein, “alternating basis” refers to the fact that oncethe second period of time has expired, the first attached growth reactorreceives the larger portion of the volume for a “new” first period oftime.

It is further noted as used herein that the biomass of the nitrifyingbacteria in the attached growth reactor system is increased compared toa the nitrifying biomass present in a control attached growth reactorsystem, that is, a growth reactor system of similar size, fed a similartype of wastewater. That is, the control for comparison purposes wouldlack the modification(s) or alteration(s) made to the attached growthreactor system to increase the biomass as described herein, for example,alternating flow volumes between reactors, applying nitrogen, applyingheat as well as other methods discussed herein.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method for improving ammonia removal from wastewater during a coldweather period including:

in a sewage treatment system including an attached growth reactorseparated into at least a first attached growth reactor chamber and asecond attached growth reactor chamber,

during a warm weather period, transferring a significant portion ofwastewater to the first attached growth reactor chamber for a firstperiod of time, then transferring a significant portion of thewastewater to the second attached growth reactor chamber for a secondperiod of time; and

during a cold weather period, transferring approximately half of thewastewater to the first attached growth reactor chamber andapproximately half of the wastewater to the second attached growthreactor chamber.

In some embodiments, during the warm weather period, substantially allof the wastewater is transferred to the first attached growth reactorfor a first period of time and subsequently all of the wastewater istransferred to the second attached growth reactor for a second period oftime.

It is known in the art that the discharge of elevated levels of ammoniaduring winter months from a sewage treatment lagoon is due to thetemperature effects.

The inventors realized that increasing the biomass of nitrifyingbacteria within the attached growth reactor system during the warmweather periods by alternating which attached growth reactor receives anincreased volume of incoming wastewater, regardless of whether theattached growth reactor is a SAGR, an MMAGR, a SMAGR or other similarreactor, provides higher levels of nitrifying bacteria biomass withinthe attached growth reactor system than maintaining a constantdistribution to each respective attached growth reactor. The end resultis that the nitrifying bacteria biomass is then better able to nitrifythe incoming influent volume in the winter months because the greaterbiomass compensates for the reduction in activity and/or efficiencycaused by the cold weather.

While this arrangement has some benefits, it is not as desirable as amultiple-feed SAGR. Specifically, a multiple feed SAGR is better able tocontrol the growth of the heterotrophic bacteria.

For example, BOD spikes coming from the lagoon may cause heterotrophicencroachment in in all zones which will in turn limit the volumeavailable for nitrifiers, thus reducing the nitrification performance.

Furthermore, if the loading during the multi feed biomass growth phaseis not equal when loading each attached growth reactor independently,this will result in different attached growth reactors having differentbiomass populations, that is, differing amounts of heterotrophic andnitrifying bacteria. Splitting the flow during cold weather under theseconditions will result in differential treatment rates between theSAGRs, causing an overall performance reduction. However, as discussedherein, there are steps that can be taken to adjust for this, forexample, proportionally distributing the incoming volume according topredicted biomass during the cold weather months.

Finally, during the split feed period, all flow is going through asingle influent feed point which implies that this feed point needs tobe doubled in size in order to maintain the same cross sectional loadingrate to prevent premature bed clogging.

With these issues in mind, a split-feed attached growth reactor systemwas developed in which influent could be distributed into two or morereactors.

The attached growth reactors are supplied wastewater from a treatmentlagoon or other similar secondary treatment system. In general, such alagoon is considered likely to produce wastewater that has low amountsof CBOD in the summer months and high levels of CBOD in the wintermonths and high levels of ammonia in the winter, low levels of ammoniain the summer. However, as will be known to those of skill in the art,this can vary considerably depending on the nature of the wastewaterentering the lagoon as well as other environmental factors such asweather conditions and environmental conditions.

Wastewater was distributed into the reactors unequally throughout thesummer months which established a population of nitrifying bacteriadownstream of the initial influent entry point into the respectivereactor. As discussed above, the first reactor may receive substantiallyall of the wastewater for a first period of time and then the secondreactor may receive substantially all of the wastewater for a secondperiod of time. As discussed herein, this results in an increase in thebiomass of the nitrifying bacteria in each reactor that is directlyproportional to the amount by which the “normal” volume was increased.As discussed herein, this process may be repeated over time. That is,following the second period of time, an increased portion orsubstantially all or all of the wastewater is transferred to the firstattached growth reactor for a new first period of time before the secondreactor receives the greater portion or substantially all or all of thewastewater for a new second period of time. As discussed herein, thisprocess of alternating is repeated throughout the warm weather period(e.g., warm weather months).

In the split-feed, dual attached growth reactor system or in asplit-feed, multiple attached growth reactor, for example, a split-feed,dual SAGR system, there may be no perceptible increase in the effluentammonia concentrations, meaning that the colonies of nitrifying bacteriain each of the respective attached growth reactors had been establishedand were maintained by the “split-feed” distribution of the low CBOD,relatively constant ammonia influent over the warm-weather months. Thus,as a consequence of this design strategy, there may be increased biomassof nitrifying bacteria ready and waiting to treat the ammonia nitrogenwithin the reactors during the cold weather months.

The establishment of the additional populations of treatment microbeswould also be beneficial in a situation in which the wastewater enteringthe attached growth reactor had a constant CBOD. The portion of the SAGRrequired to remove this level of CBOD is small, but the size of the CBODremoval zone may fluctuate with temperature, requiring a larger volumein winter when reaction rates are slow, and a smaller volume in summerwhen microbial reaction rates are high, potentially resulting inadditional heterotrophic encroachment into the nitrifying zone undercertain conditions. The split-feed concept will also prevent any adverseeffects of this fluctuating CBOD removal zone again by providing andmaintaining additional nitrifying biomass.

Thus, when substantially all of the volume of incoming influent isdistributed to a respective one attached growth reactor for a period oftime on an alternating basis, such that each attached growth reactor isthe “respective one” for a period of time. As a result, each reactorcontains sufficient nitrifying bacteria biomass for removing the fullammonia nitrogen loading according to seasonal conditions. In winter,when the cold water temperatures cause the nitrifying microbes toslow-down, the increased biomass allows for the removal of the fullamount of ammonia. This is important, because the populations do notrespond quickly at very low temperatures, taking a long time to grow alarger bacterial population if there are not enough bacteria for currentconditions, which, may not be a sufficient response time depending onregulatory permit requirements.

Systems and methods in accordance with present disclosure can facilitatethe unequal distribution of the incoming wastewater volume to eachattached growth reactor (e.g., staggered supply), which increases thenitrifying bacteria biomass in each reactor compared to a constantdistribution of proportional amounts of incoming wastewater volume toeach attached growth reactor in the attached growth reactor system. As aresult of this arrangement, the reactors contain many more nitrifyingmicrobes than could be grown in a single-feed system. As a consequence,the associated microbial community is capable of doing full treatmenteven as biological kinetics slow down due to temperature effects.

It is of note that there are other methods for creating one or moreadditional zones and/or increasing the biomass of nitrifying bacteriawithin a reactor or reactor system so that there is sufficientnitrifying bacteria population for waste water nitrification duringwinter months, many of which are discussed herein and which are withinthe scope of the present disclosure.

In other embodiments, nitrifying bacteria biomass may be increased byaltering the environment in a specific zone of an attached growthreactor within an attached growth reactor system. For example, therelative heat, oxygen level and/or ammonia level in a specific zone maybe increased as a means for increasing either the activity or thebiomass of the nitrifying bacteria.

For example, heating means may be employed to elevate the temperature ofat least a portion of the waste in the reactor during winter months. Forexample, the heating means may be arranged such that a region of thereactor expected to contain the nitrification zone is heated, thenalternating which zone is heated so that a different region of thereactor is heated, thereby growing nitrifying bacteria biomass in adifferent region of the reactor.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, there are many meansfor locally increasing the temperature of a liquid.

Alternatively, oxygen may be supplied to one or more discrete zones ofthe reactor so as to promote nitrification within those zones. In thiscase oxygen may be limited in portions of the reactor to grow a largerpopulation of nitrifying bacteria only in the oxygenated portion. Forexample, supplying heated air or oxygen during cold weather months willincrease the local water temperature surrounding the nitrifyingbacteria, thereby increasing their activity.

In other embodiments, the waste in the reactor may be supplemented withan alternate source of ammonia at discrete locations within the reactorto support nitrifying bacteria growth, thereby increasing the biomass ofnitrifying bacteria. In both instances, the location of heating orammonia supplementation may be varied over time, thereby establishingmultiple colonies or “locations” of nitrifying bacteria.

As can be seen, the processes described herein either increase theactivity of the nitrifying bacteria in cold weather months or increasethe biomass of the nitrifying bacteria within the attached growthreactor system so that more nitrifying bacteria are available fornitrification. The biomass can be increased by supplying wastewatercontaining nitrogen or simply nitrogen to a different location withinthe attached growth reactor system than the original wastewater inlet orby temporarily increasing the amount of nitrogen applied to an inlet,either by temporarily increasing the incoming flow of wastewater to aspecific attached growth reactor or by increasing the amount of nitrogenpresent in the wastewater temporarily by supplementing the wastewaterwith nitrogen.

As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, methods such as thosedescribed above may be used within a single reactor or reactor system ormultiple reactor system, such as those discussed herein.

Influent into the SAGR is typically an effluent from a standardmunicipal treatment lagoon, having estimated concentrations of CBOD520-40 mg/l; total suspended solids (TSS) 20-40 mg/l; and ammonia ofapproximately 25-45 mg/l. However the SAGR is not limited to treatingeffluent from a lagoon process. The process is applicable to any othernitrification applications where low water temperature conditions arepresent.

The length of the SAGR is typically 40-75 ft long with a depth ofbetween 4-12 ft. The width of the SAGR will vary as a function of flow.For example, more flow from a larger population base will result in awider system. Retention time of the wastewater in the SAGR is a functionof wastewater concentration, but is typically in the range of 4-6 days,but will vary according to the mass load applied to the SAGR).

Influent into the lagoon will typically be raw municipal wastewater,CBOD 150-250 mg/l; TSS 20-40 mg/l; total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 25-45mg/l; ammonia 20-40 mg/l; and total phosphorus 6-8 mg/l.

A treatment lagoon will typically have a depth between 5 and 20 ft andwill typically have somewhere between 20 and 45 days of retention timefor the wastewater. The volume of the lagoons depends on the populationbase feeding the lagoon.

It is important to note that the above stated dimensions for the lagoonand the reactor and the characteristics of the influents are intendedfor illustrative purpose only.

CBOD removal is typically measured at 20 degrees Celsius, and factoreddown using a first order equation, resulting in a removal rate at 0.5degrees Celsius that is approximately half of the rate at 20 degreesCelsius. However, a lagoon may still remove a significant amount of CBODat these low temperatures, because it may have had more retention timeavailable than was required at the warm temperatures. (All watertemperatures). It is of note that 0.5 degrees Celsius is generallyaccepted as the minimum temperature for a treatment system because atlower temperatures, ice will form.

The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferredembodiments set forth in the examples but should be given the broadestinterpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

1. A method for aeration or oxygenation comprising: in an attachedgrowth reactor comprising a plurality of stationary fixed media forsupporting biomass growth, each respective one of said stationary fixedmedia including at least one oxygen intake port and a plurality ofaeration or oxygen dispersion ports, connecting each respective one ofthe stationary fixed media to an aeration source via the at least oneoxygen intake port; and supplying air or oxygen to a first respectiveone of the stationary fixed media for a first period of time, and thensupplying air or oxygen to a second respective one of the stationaryfixed media for a second period of time.
 2. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the air or oxygen is heated.
 3. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the first period of time and the second period of timeare selected from the group consisting of: a few hours; a day; a fewdays; a week; a few weeks; a month; and a few months.
 4. A method forincreasing nitrifying bacteria biomass in an attached growth reactorcomprising: providing an attached growth reactor system having a firstend and a second end wherein the first end and the second end are bothcapable of acting as an inlet or an outlet; during warm weather months,transferring a volume of wastewater into the attached growth reactor atthe first end and removing treated effluent from the reactor at thesecond end for a first period of time; then transferring the volume ofwastewater into the attached growth reactor system via the second endregion and removing treated wastewater from the attached growth reactorsystem at the first end region for a second period of the warm weatherperiod on an alternating basis.
 5. The method according to claim 4wherein the attached growth reactor system comprises a submergedattached growth reactor or a stationary media attached growth reactor.6. The method according to claim 4 wherein the attached growth reactorsystem is a single attached growth reactor.
 7. The method according toclaim 4 wherein the attached growth reactor system is two or moreattached growth reactors.
 8. The method according to claim 4 wherein thefirst period of time and the second period of time are selected from thegroup consisting of: a few hours; a day; a few days; a week; a fewweeks; a month; and a few months.
 9. A method for increasing nitrifyingbacteria biomass comprising: in an attached growth reactor comprising aplurality of stationary fixed media for supporting biomass growth, saidattached growth reactor having an inlet region for accepting wastewaterand an outlet region, said wastewater having a direction of flow throughthe reactor from the inlet region to the outlet region, each respectiveone of the plurality of stationary fixed media being positioned withinthe reactor sequentially from the inlet region to the outlet region,periodically removing a respective one stationary fixed medium proximalto the inlet region and placing said respective one stationary fixedmedium more distal to the inlet region.
 10. The method according toclaim 9 wherein the respective one stationary fixed medium is removedand placed after a period of time selected from the group consisting of:a few hours; a day; a few days; a week; a few weeks; a month; and a fewmonths.
 11. A method for increasing nitrifying bacteria biomasscomprising: in an attached growth reactor system comprising at least afirst attached growth reactor and a second attached growth reactor, eachattached growth reactor comprising a plurality of moving media forsupporting biomass growth thereon, the first attached growth reactorhaving an inlet region for accepting wastewater and the second attachedgrowth reactor having an outlet region, said wastewater having adirection of flow through the attached growth reactor system from theinlet region to the outlet region, periodically removing moving mediafrom the first attached growth reactor and transferring said movingmedia to the second attached growth reactor.
 12. A method for increasingnitrifying biomass comprising: in an attached growth reactor systemcomprising at least a first attached growth reactor, during wintermonths, heating a first zone within a zone of the first attached growthreactor for a first period of time and then heating a second zone of thefirst attached growth reactor for a second period of time.
 13. Themethod according to claim 12 wherein the first zone is heated byinjecting heated air or oxygen into the first attached growth reactor.14. The method according to claim 12 wherein the first period of timeand the second period of time are selected from the group consisting of:a few hours; a day; a few days; a week; a few weeks; a month; and a fewmonths.